Sharecropping Essays - Crops, Land Tenure, Landowners,

Sharecropping Sharecropping Sharecropping appeared in the Southeastern United States, including Appalachia, after the Civil War as a way to continue post-slavery white supremacy over African Americans, but it ultimately included poor whites as well. It was a way to avoid the now illegal possession of slaves while at the same time keeping workers for labor in a subordinate manner. Although former slaves and their descendants composed the majority of sharecroppers, the poor whites joined the blacks in their struggles against the landowners by the end of the sharecropping era. Sharecropping by definition is the working of a piece of land by a tenant in exchange for a portion, usually half, of the crops or the revenue that they bring in for the landowner. In return for the work on the land, the landowners supply the tenants and their families with living accommodations, seeds and fertilizer, tools, and food that can be bought in a commissary, charging fairly high interest rates to the tenants. These rates create an environment of debt and poverty that the sharecroppers have trouble escaping from. When they receive their portion of the money from the crops, the debts that they have procured comes out of their half of the money. Often this leaves the sharecropper with virtually nothing. Between the debt and the hard working conditions, a second form of slavery is created. It was not slavery with a person literally being owned but one of holding a person because they have no choice to go elsewhere. The landowners were the dominant persons in society while the workers were still on the lowest rung of the social ladder. Although we no longer have sharecropping today, many of the issues surrounding sharecropping still exist (racism, poverty amongst African American, etc.). We (Americans) continue to battle these problems and seek solutions but it seems that these problems aren't something people in today's society want to face. It is much easier to pretend they don't exist. I might not see a resolution in my lifetime but is may become my children's dilemma to solve. History Essays

Antislavery and Abolitionism essays

Antislavery and Abolitionism essays Antislavery and abolitionism began to take place in the 1820s and 1830s as religious reform movements and it quickly turned political in the 1840s and 1850s. Groups such as the free African Americans, Quakers, and militant white reformers were responsible for abolishing slavery. The American Colonization Society was formed in 1817 by northern religious reformers and southern slave owners. The Quakers also made up a vast number of the members of the American Colonization Society. Their first plan to solve slavery was the gradual emancipation of slaves and their resettlement in Africa. Although many Northerners supported the plan and were eager to send the Norths 250,000 free African Americans back to Africa, the American Colonization Society was ultimately ineffective. They only sent 1,400 African Americans to a colony in Liberia, West Africa. The majority of free African Americans rejected the idea of colonization. They wanted to see slavery come to an end. They felt they should be treated as equals to their white counterparts. An African American minister stated, We are natives of this country, we only ask that we be treated as well as foreigners. By the 1830s there were approximately fifty black abolitionist organizations in the North. They held yearly conventions. Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth were among the famous black abolitionist to speak at these conventions. There were many other blacks who announced their antislavery position. John Russworm and Samuel Cornish founded the first African American newspaper titled , Freedoms Journal. David Walker wrote a widely distributed pamphlet, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. Pamphlets and journals such as these were found responsible for stirring up trouble among the South. They were believed to have played a part in Nat Turn ers revolt in ...

A Litte Kindness Goes a Long Way Illustration Essay

A simple smile or an honest compliment can change somebody’s life. One example of showing kindness or curiosity for somebody elses feelings happened to me at the Country Market, the store i work at. It was about 8:00 p. m. on a tuesday night when I had just finished for the day and was coming home from school and the gym. I stopped at Country Market, and I went inside to get a drink and pay for my gas. The lines for the cash registers were filled on both sides with about 10 customers waiting at each. I was third in line, behind a middle aged man in his 40’s, and finally an elderly man in front of the line was checking out. The elderly man was in his upper 70’s, and he had a handful of groceries. The cashier asked the man if he needed help out, he replied â€Å"No thank you I can take this out myself†. The old man was struggling to get his groceries, and I noticed the middle aged man was hesitating to help him, so I set my drinks down and went up to the counter and grabbed his groceries and took them out. Little did I know when I was carrying out the mans groceries the middle aged man saw my act of kindness, and he paid for my drinks and my forty six dollars in gas. Another example of ways to show kindness and how it can impact other people’s lives is just by smiling. The power of smiling is amazing, and it takes little or no effort and does not cost you anything. There is a website called To Write Love On Her Arms. TWLOHA is an anti-suicide non profit organization that aims at random acts of kindness or speaking out to those in need. They have a forum on their website about smiling and there has been a handful of cases where teenagers were thinking about committing suicide or feeling so down that they did not wanna live. These teenagers told their stories on this website and there were two that I read that was very sad. This girl said that she was going to kill herself, and the only reason that she did not is because a random old man opened a door for her at school and said â€Å"Smile it looks beautiful on you†. Now this young woman works for TWLOHA and is helping other people with their problems. Other examples of kind acts giving good karma is a story of an old man that works out at my gym with me by the name Jason Overstreet. Jason told me that he was in the drive through for Taco Bell when he decided to pay for the vehicle behind him. He said â€Å"he felt like a million bucks the rest of the day†. A week or so went on when Jason decided to go back through Taco Bell again when he went to get his food from the drive through window. The girl that was working the window recognized him, and told him â€Å"It was really an amazing thing you started the other day. While you bought that lady’s lunch then she bought the car behind hers. It was like a chain reaction that lasted about 7 cars†. Jason was astonished at what he had started just by one simple act of kindness. Anyone can give random kindness anytime of the day. All they have to do is share a bit of their lives with others, or make a simple smile. When you are kind, you bring joy and happiness into the lives of others, and you will also be happier, too. Share your happiness with others, because happiness and kindness make the world go around. You never know when you can change someone’s life with a simple smile. A Litte Kindness Goes a Long Way Illustration Essay A simple smile or an honest compliment can change somebody’s life. One example of showing kindness or curiosity for somebody elses feelings happened to me at the Country Market, the store i work at. It was about 8:00 p. m. on a tuesday night when I had just finished for the day and was coming home from school and the gym. I stopped at Country Market, and I went inside to get a drink and pay for my gas. The lines for the cash registers were filled on both sides with about 10 customers waiting at each. I was third in line, behind a middle aged man in his 40’s, and finally an elderly man in front of the line was checking out. The elderly man was in his upper 70’s, and he had a handful of groceries. The cashier asked the man if he needed help out, he replied â€Å"No thank you I can take this out myself†. The old man was struggling to get his groceries, and I noticed the middle aged man was hesitating to help him, so I set my drinks down and went up to the counter and grabbed his groceries and took them out. Little did I know when I was carrying out the mans groceries the middle aged man saw my act of kindness, and he paid for my drinks and my forty six dollars in gas. Another example of ways to show kindness and how it can impact other people’s lives is just by smiling. The power of smiling is amazing, and it takes little or no effort and does not cost you anything. There is a website called To Write Love On Her Arms. TWLOHA is an anti-suicide non profit organization that aims at random acts of kindness or speaking out to those in need. They have a forum on their website about smiling and there has been a handful of cases where teenagers were thinking about committing suicide or feeling so down that they did not wanna live. These teenagers told their stories on this website and there were two that I read that was very sad. This girl said that she was going to kill herself, and the only reason that she did not is because a random old man opened a door for her at school and said â€Å"Smile it looks beautiful on you†. Now this young woman works for TWLOHA and is helping other people with their problems. Other examples of kind acts giving good karma is a story of an old man that works out at my gym with me by the name Jason Overstreet. Jason told me that he was in the drive through for Taco Bell when he decided to pay for the vehicle behind him. He said â€Å"he felt like a million bucks the rest of the day†. A week or so went on when Jason decided to go back through Taco Bell again when he went to get his food from the drive through window. The girl that was working the window recognized him, and told him â€Å"It was really an amazing thing you started the other day. While you bought that lady’s lunch then she bought the car behind hers. It was like a chain reaction that lasted about 7 cars†. Jason was astonished at what he had started just by one simple act of kindness. Anyone can give random kindness anytime of the day. All they have to do is share a bit of their lives with others, or make a simple smile. When you are kind, you bring joy and happiness into the lives of others, and you will also be happier, too. Share your happiness with others, because happiness and kindness make the world go around. You never know when you can change someone’s life with a simple smile.

London Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

London - Case Study Example Project managers should ensure they select tactics, which will work in favor of the organizations’ goals and objectives. During the 2012 London Olympic Games, the challenge was to ensure maximum participation and revenue for the organizations responsible for managing the events (President and Fellows of Harvard College, 1). A good pricing strategy enables organizations to utilize their resources effectively. The organizations are able to achieve this by ensuring that all available capacity is utilized effectively without unnecessary wastage. This reduces the operation cost since the fixed cost decreases with the increase in units of output. In 2012 London Olympic Games, organizers of the event were able to ensure that all capacity was utilized by selling all tickets for available seats to interested individuals and that no seats were left vacant (According to President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2. The sales of tickets accounts for twenty percents of total revenue for Olympic Games organization. When setting prices for the company’s products, marketers should ensure that their products are accessible to as many people as possible. This will help to make the products and services popular and enable them maximize their market share. They should target clients from different classes by setting different prices for different groups’ people. In 2012 London Olympic Games, the organization responsible for coordinating the games tickets at affordable prices to ensure as many people as possible attended the games (President and Fellows of Harvard College, 3). They had estimated a total of 7.9 million people would attend the function, and so they prepared tickets for the estimated group. Setting prices for the products also requires the company to ensure that their target groups are not locked out of the organizations products. During the London Olympic Games in 2012, organization which was

Toyota Brake Problem Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toyota Brake Problem Analysis - Research Paper Example They are the leading automobile manufacturer in the world for the last few decades. Even in America, Toyota cars are selling more than what the local automobile manufacturers were able to sell. Quality and reliability are the major features of Toyota vehicles. Competitors are struggling to compete with Toyota because of the superior quality, excellent supply chain, and very good after sales support, offered to the consumers by Toyota. It is difficult to compete with Toyota individually and therefore competitors are forming regional blocs to compete with Toyota. For example, â€Å"DaimlerChrysler and BMW accepted GM's invitation to cooperate in joint development of hybrid technology, in part to gang up on Toyota†2. In short, the competitors were struggling to compete with Toyota till recent times. However, Toyota suffered some major setbacks in recent times and forced to recall some of its cars because of technical problems like brake problems accelerator pedal problems etc. Th is paper briefly analyses the impacts of such problems caused to Toyota at present and in future. Some owners of the 2010 Prius have reported their brakes do not always engage immediately when they press the brake pedal, or that the brakes have an inconsistent feel. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said it would assess the scope of the problem and the safety risk to about 37,000 cars that could be affected3 Brake problems and accelerator pedal problems were the major technical problems which caused Toyota to recall millions of vehicles from America, Europe and Asia for repairing and replacing. The Prius, a hybrid-powered (gas and electric) sedan introduced in American market as the most environmental friendly car by Toyota, suffered major brake problems which forced Toyota to recall around 37000 cars from American market alone. This vehicle was manufactured strictly in accordance with the demands of President Obama. Obama earlier declared cash for clunker program f or replacing old cars from American roads and to encourage Americans to use more environmental friendly and fuel efficient cars. Many of the Americans utilized the cash incentives offered by Obama to replace their old cars and they purchased Prius because of the claims put forward by Toyota. However, the brake problems of Prius affected the images of Toyota as a trusted brand in America. Toyota Motor Corp extended its safety recall of millions of its most popular cars to Europe and China in a further blow to the reputation of the world's largest auto maker. The scale of the fix for potentially dangerous accelerator pedals emboldened rivals and could land the Japanese carmaker with hundreds of millions of dollars in extra costs per month. Toyota, a byword for quality and reliability, said it had not yet determined how many vehicles in Europe would be recalled, or when, but media and analysts believe 2 million may be affected on top of some 6 million in North America. In China, the wo rld's biggest auto market in 2009, the carmaker said on Thursday it had submitted an application to recall over 75,000 RAV4 vehicles4 It is estimated that around 8 million Toyota were so far recalled from the global market because of accelerator and brake problems. Toyota engineers are working day and night to rectify the problems and to regain the lost confidence of the public. Nobody has any doubt about the abilities of Toyota in bouncing back from this crisis; however, it is

Modern Figurative Art Essay Example for Free

Modern Figurative Art Essay The artists used darker colours from the 1830s to the 1860s, and the main subject of the paintings were simple portraits of significant people or self portraits of the artists themselves. As you move further through the sections, there are more scenic and historical paintings, as well as paintings showing everyday situations of the time. I found interesting the amount of landscape/nature paintings, as well as paintings depicting life in Canada in their respective time periods. By the end, we get the more expressionits and abstract paintings that get larger in size as time progressed. Finding Meaning in Art  Ã‚  Art asks us to find our own meaning at times. Find the large work Pavane by Canadian artist Jean-Paul Riopelle in gallery A111.  (a) How is the artist trying to convey meaning?  I think Riopelle is trying to convey meaning in the work by using three very large canvases and a wide variety of colours to attract the viewers attention. When you walk into the room the enormous size of the painting get your attention immediately. The three sections are divided for a reason finding in the middle the widest spectrum of colours and other less stand out colour in the surroundings. A very abstract painting, you can tell alot of effort and time has been put into Pavane. (B)What is your interpretation of Pavane?  It took me a long while to try to understand Pavane, I couldnt really see past the simple strips of coloured paper, and the huge size of the painting, then after a couple of minutes of studying and walking around it I began to notice how the main colours are in the center and arent just thrown into the painting randomly, it is very different to the other paintings in the room so I thought perhaps Riopelle was trying to make this piece more modern than the other pieces of work of the time. Trying to be different and to stand out as an artist, just like the colours in Pavane, to be the center of the art world. When I researched Pavane online, I found that it was partially true, because after making this painting he became very successful in the cultural scene.  Nature, Mathematics and Art  After you are through gallery A114, go into the garden. There is a metal piece of art which looks like DNA. You are allowed to play with this if you choose. Look at the plants more closely.  Ã‚  (a) Is nature itself art? If so, does that mean everything is art? Nature is not art, but is the basis of it, its there so we can turn it into our own personal interpretation of it. Its when a human takes nature and creatively does something with it so that it influences and affects the senses, emotions, and/or intellect that it actually becomes art. Human intervention is what makes Art, Art.  (b) Do you think computers can create REAL art on their own, or are people required to create art? Computers cannot create art because they are incapable of having emotions and to convey meaning to a work of art. Besides, computers are made my man, so if a computer creates art, it is because a human has programmed the computer to able to create it.  Architecture  Next to the fern garden is the now reconstructed Rideau Street Convent Chapel. Sit in it for a moment to rest.  (a) Do you think this chapel has a rightful place in an art gallery? Why or why not?  I think the chapel doesnt have a rightful place in the art gallery because even though its very pretty and decorative I found it to be too modern for my liking, and also didnt have much to do with what the subjects in the previous rooms were. There was religion influence in the some paintings but in the majority. It would be conveniently placed in a section that includes more religious sculptures and works of art. (b) What qualities do you think buildings need to be called good architecture?  Good architecture is a building intentionally done to communicate a certain message and that took a lot of hard work and thought into making. If it is creating solely to serve a purpose it is not art, but if it also has an idea or a message built into it, its when it becomes art.  (c) Excluding Parliament Hill, Chateau Laurier, Supreme Court of Canada, the National Gallery of Canada, museums, or any other government building Name one building in Ottawa you consider art and one building you think is not art. Explain. I found the Notre Dame Cathedral very impactful when I first got here, I think its art because it was built not just as a church but to evoke a religious response from people, the originality of the silver material its made from make it an attractive and artistic structure.  A building that is not art would be just a regular ScotiaBank office building, this is because of many reasons, there was no emotion or idea put into it, its is not attractive of artistic in any way and there are many of these in almost every Canadian city, which takes out its originality.

Essay --

The positive economic impact of tourism in Morocco is huge. According to glObserver, a market research company, Morocco will have an estimated 14 million visitors bringing in $8.8 billion in annual revenues by the end of 2016 (Morocco Tourism Profile 2012). It does not seem like the inflow of money will slow down anytime soon. Foreign investments have been pouring into Morocco’s tourism sector and international hotel chains are building large resorts across the country. Development is occurring along the coast of Morocco in particular. This will draw real estate investors looking to gain exposure to the tourism and property markets. While it is positive that investment money is flowing into the country, much of the profits being made are escaping Morocco because foreign hotels are sending the earnings home to their country of origin. Due to the recent increase in tourism, foreign airlines are increasing the number of routes into the country. In addition to the real e state investments, there are other factors contributing to the influx of money entering Morocco. Morocco has a high level of literacy in addition to strong government support for the hospitality industry; these factors should contribute to the tourism industry growing for years to come in Morocco (Morocco Tourism Profile 2012). As well as the tourism industry is doing in Morocco, not everything is working well. Moroccan flag carrier Royal Air is in dire financial straits. The airline loses money on a monthly basis due to the high cost of fuel and labor. Several low cost carriers have stepped in to compete with Royal Air and expand the tourism industry despite Royal Air’s economic troubles. Socio-cultural: The second area that is important to examine... ...pacts to their environment due to the increase in tourism. The increase of tourism is taking a toll on the water supply in Morocco. Morocco naturally has very low renewable water supply. Large hotels, which include huge pools and fancy golf courses, require a gigantic amount of water in order to operate. Often times, this leaves civilians close by with little or no running water. While most residents of urban areas have access to running water, many people in rural areas do not have access. However the Moroccan government is trying to act in order to preserve their environment. One way Morocco is proactive in protecting its environment is through its planting programs. Every year, two million palm trees are planted and distributed throughout the south with an aim to deter the effects of the developing golf courses and hotels (Environment & Ethical Tourism.).

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay

Why are both nature and nurture important in perceptual development? How do both help a baby’s brain and sensory organs to develop?   The question of whether nature or nurture is more important in terms of perceptual development has bee long debated. In general, there are two theories that explain how humans develop these perceptions. The Nativists claim that our brains are built or hardwired to recognize certain stimuli by both design and construction. In contrast, an Empiricist would say that we learn through experience how to perceive things. There was an experiment done by Nativist researchers that sought to determine how very young mammals are able to perceive. The data concluded that early infants were able to perceive quite a lot before they really had a chance to learn anything. Gibson and Walk’s the â€Å"visual cliff† experiment was one such experiment, in this test both young animals and 6 month old human infants were taken to a side of a visual cliff, the test subjects would avoid the clearly deep drop. This indicated that children can perceive visual depth and that visual depth dominates even touch information. Additionally, studies have been done that show babies can recognize faces and that they often prefer the visual stimulation of carton faces as opposed to the same features arranged at random. In other tests it was shown that babies can also recognize whether or not and object is coming directly at their face or not. These experiments show that even the undeveloped infant brain has considerable capacity for perceptual capabilities. In contrast, several Empiricists experiments have been done as well. In one such study, scientists sought to determine the effects of depriving developing animals from perceptual stimulations. These tests have consistently shown that the longer the subject is deprived, the more severe the consequences. For example, humans are sometimes born without sight, due to a clouded cornea. Later in life some elect to have surgery to repair this clouded cornea. The result is sight, these people can see but they cannot perceive what it is that they see. As time goes on they slowly learn to distinguish one object from another, but this is however quite easily interrupted. Often changing an objects position or context is quite enough to slow down or prevent recognition. To conclude, although some argue that perception is due to nature, while others argue for nurture, it may in fact be that the two factors are interdependent and rely on each other. Support for this idea comes from an experiment that studied rats and found that those raised in a perceptually restricted environment had smaller brain development than those raised in an enriched environment, suggesting that while we are born with innate capabilities we need the environment to ensure we develop our abilities to perceive well. The perceptual capabilities we have at birth must be strengthened continuously through perceptual stimulation, furthermore, it would seem that perception in general follows the use it or lose it principle. Just as unused muscles become week, so to do our senses if left unused. Nature and nurture are both essential to health y perceptual development; stimulation begins in the womb and quickly follows all the way through adulthood. Sources . â€Å"Nature and Nurture in Perceptual Development.† . www.indiana.edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. . . â€Å"Experiencing Sensation and Perception.† . physch.hanover.edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. . Arterberry, M. â€Å"Perceptual Development.† . Colby College. Web. 11 Feb 2013. .

A character study of Mr. Darcy up until the end of Volume Two Essay

Mr. Darcy is not a titled nobleman, but he is one of the wealthiest members of the landed gentry, which is the same legal class that the Bennet family belongs to, even though they have much less money. He owns a very large estate in Derbyshire, called Pemberley, and he has a sister named Georgiana, who is more than ten years younger that he is. Mr. Darcy’s aunt is the very wealthy Lady Catherine de Bourgh and he is betrothed to her daughter, Anne. In the beginning of the novel Mr. Darcy is depicted as â€Å"clever,† but also â€Å"haughty, reserved, and fastidious.† When he first appears at the Meryton assembly with Mr. Bingley, he draws everyone’s attention by his, â€Å"fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien,† and the fact that he has ten thousand pounds per year. However, only half the evening passes before he is â€Å"discovered to be proud, to be above his company,† and denounced as â€Å"having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance.† We can see how socially inept Mr. Darcy is from the mere fact that he dances only two dances at the Meryton assembly, one with Mrs. Hurst and one with Miss Bingley, even though there is a shortage of male dance partners. He also refuses to be introduced to any other lady, and flatly refuses to dance with Elizabeth, saying, â€Å"she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me.† He does not even try to make a good impression, as we see where it says that his manners are â€Å"well-bred,† but â€Å"not inviting.† This shows that he is proud, because he does not care what people think of him, and he does not need to care because he is so rich. I also believe that Mr. Darcy’s lack of social graces shows a hint of laziness, in that he cannot be bothered to take the time or trouble to be agreeable, or make a good reputation for himself. However, Charlotte Lucas remarks, â€Å"One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with†¦everything in his favour, should think highly of himself†¦He has a right to be proud.† This assessment of Mr. Darcy, in my opinion, somewhat lessens his guilt, because it represents a perspective on wealth that must have been very common in nineteenth-century Britain. Mr. Darcy’s behaviour is certainly not ideal, but it was probably more acceptable then than it would be today. Mr. Darcy is also a great friend of Mr. Bingley’s, and Jane is told that among his friends he is â€Å"remarkably agreeable.† This would suggest that either he is very proud, or, as he says to Elizabeth, â€Å"I have not the talent which some people possess†¦of conversing easily with those I have never seen.† If he is so reserved because he truly has difficulty in conversing with people that he does not know well, his silence could easily be mistaken for pride, but I believe that it is probably due in part to both. We first see that Mr. Darcy is beginning to be attracted to Elizabeth on a visit to Netherfield, and his discovery of this attraction is described as â€Å"mortifying.† He does not want to be associated with someone with so little money, and yet he finds â€Å"her figure to be light and pleasing,† and her face to be â€Å"rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes.† When Elizabeth refuses to dance with Mr. Darcy, she only succeeds in further piquing his interest in her, as shown where it says, â€Å"her resistance had not injured her with the gentleman.† I suspect, from the way Caroline Bingley is always very arch and flirtatious around him, that he has had women chasing him most of his adult life, because of his wealth. Therefore, he must be intrigued by a woman such as Elizabeth who, for all his money, wants nothing to do with him. We begin to see that there is a stark contrast between Mr. Darcy’s curt statements in answer to Miss Bingley whilst writing to his sister, and the long responses he gives Elizabeth, which match her wit and intelligence. This shows how much he likes challenging and being challenged by her sharp mind. When she stays at Netherfieldd to look after Jane, she is relentlessly sharp in her talks with Mr. Darcy, and he finds himself increasingly â€Å"bewitched† by her, enough so that he begins â€Å"to feel the danger of paying Elizabeth too much attention.† During Elizabeth’s stay at Netherfield, we learn a little more about Mr. Darcy’s character. He likes to read, and has a large library at Pemberley. He must feel at least some affection for his sister because his letters â€Å"are generally long,† and in Miss Bingley’s estimation, â€Å"charming.† By making his letters long and carefully worded he shows that he both cares about Georgiana and takes his responsibility for her seriously. This contradicts Elizabeth’s and our perceptions of him as cold and unfeeling. Also, he states that he writes â€Å"rather slowly,† Miss Bingley comments that he writes evenly and Mr. Bingley says that he â€Å"does not write with ease. He studies too much for words of four syllables.† This implies that Mr. Darcy likes to think things through, even when choosing the right word to write. When Elizabeth is naming Mr. Darcy’s faults in order to laugh at him, she mentions vanity and pride, to which he replies, â€Å"Vanity is a weakness indeed. But†¦pride will be always under good regulation.† This is ironic because, in his case, pride is more a flaw than a good quality. However, he also admits that his â€Å"good opinion once lost is lost for ever.† By his own admission he is resentful, which Elizabeth finds to be true when Mr. Wickham tells her how ‘abominably’ Mr. Darcy treated him. The knowledge of his resentfulness also serves to make us dislike him even more. Mr. Wickham is very useful in giving us an impression of Mr. Darcy, whether true or not. In the first volume of the novel, after Mr. Wickham’s story about Mr. Darcy refusing to acknowledge his father’s wishes, and thus impoverishing Mr. Wickham, we see Mr. Darcy as dishonourable, dishonest and resentful. Our prejudice against him is so strong that we accept anything Mr. Wickham says at face value. Mr. Darcy’s ‘abominable’ treatment of Mr. Wickham is one of the reasons that Elizabeth refuses to accept his proposal; it reinforces her opinion of him and proves that he really is too proud. At the Netherfield ball, when Sir William Lucas hints at a â€Å"certain desirable event† taking place, meaning the expected marriage of Jane and Mr. Bingley, Mr. Darcy appears very surprised and worried at the thought. He obviously does not want Mr. Bingley to marry beneath himself, and we later learn from Colonel Fitzwilliam that Mr. Darcy is very pleased with himself for â€Å"having lately saved a friend from†¦a most imprudent marriage.† Mr. Darcy has no right to meddle in the romantic affairs of Jane and Mr. Bingley, and to be so determined that he confiscates Jane’s letters to Mr. Bingley is not something to be easily forgiven. What makes us dislike him even more is that when he proposes to Elizabeth he does not feel any remorse for his actions, and even declares, â€Å"I rejoice in my success.† This shows hypocrisy because he separates Jane and Mr. Bingley on financial grounds, which he has no right to do, and then asks Elizabeth to marry him, even though she is in the same situation as Jane. Mr. Darcy’s proposal to Elizabeth is, in itself, filled with pride and is focused on the negative aspects of the match rather than his love for her. His mode of proposal somewhat resembles the condescending airs of Mr. Collins when he proposes. It does not seem to have occurred to him that Elizabeth might refuse him, as we see where it says, â€Å"his countenance expressed real security.† This proves how proud and arrogant he is, because he believes that if she does not marry him for love, she will marry him for money because she will never receive a ‘better’ offer. He even tells Elizabeth that he likes her against his â€Å"will,†¦reason, and†¦character,† which are hurtful remarks and imply that he does not want to love her but cannot help himself. Mr. Darcy is â€Å"wholly unmoved by any feeling of remorse† for having separated Mr. Bingley from Jane and even says, â€Å"I rejoice in my success.† It is obvious from this cold remark that he has little regard for the feelings of others, which is further emphasised when he seemingly does not care about Mr. Wickham’s condition in life. He says, â€Å"Yes, his misfortunes have been great indeed,† which sounds unfeeling, contemptuous and sarcastic. Mr. Darcy seems to feel the need to justify his feelings for her but also to tell her that he does not want to have those feelings. He is certainly honest, but perhaps a little too honest, and not at all tactful, as we see where he says, â€Å"Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections?† He seems to be intent on laying before Elizabeth everything that is not ideal about her family and connections, which is probably not the best way to make her love him. Mr. Darcy’s letter to Elizabeth, however, shows us just how mistaken and prejudiced against him we really are. Firstly, it lists his reasons for separating Jane and Mr. Bingley. He admits that he did not want them to marry, but he did â€Å"not believe her heart was likely to be easily touched.† He did not think that Jane really did love his friend, and although it was not right of him to intervene, he did not believe that there was enough love to outweigh the material disadvantages of marrying Jane. I also believe that, had Jane been more open about her feelings, and had Mr. Bingley perhaps been more persistent and not allowed himself to be manipulated by Mr. Darcy, the situation would not have arisen. We are also very conscious of â€Å"that total want of propriety† so often shown by many members of the Bennet family – it was very obvious at the Netherfield ball, and Mr. Darcy cannot really be blamed for being appalled by it. That sort of behaviour was not acceptable and those who exhibited it were shunned. If Mr. Darcy married Elizabeth, he would have to put up with having them as in-laws. This shows that Mr. Darcy is proud, but one cannot expect him to want to associate with a family who act disgracefully in public. However, it is also very plausible that he is not as proud as we think, because, despite this, he still wants to marry Elizabeth, which is a circumstance that I do not believe was very common back then. Mr. Darcy’s contempt for Mr. Wickham is also wholly justified, and we learn that he was very tolerant and did do his best to carry out his father’s wishes, even though Mr. Wickham was unworthy of such treatment. This proves that he is honourable, and it is he who has been treated unjustly by Mr. Wickham, when he tried to elope with Georgiana. She told Mr. Darcy of the plan, because she could not â€Å"support the idea of grieving and offending a brother whom she almost looked up to as a father.† Georgiana must have a very strong attachment to Mr. Darcy, because otherwise she would not have done this, so he must be a very kind brother. I believe that although Mr. Darcy is portrayed as proud, critical, arrogant, brutally honest, and may not have the conversational skills that some people do, we are too prejudiced at the beginning of the novel to see his good qualities beneath all of his pride. The letter to Elizabeth provides us with valuable insights into Mr. Darcy’s mind and personality. When we see the letter we realise that most of his actions were justified, and despite his social ineptitude and the occasional error in judgement, he is altogether a good man.

Investigative Report on the Operation Functions of Mouchel Group PLC The WritePass Journal

Investigative Report on the Operation Functions of Mouchel Group PLC 1.0 Introduction and Methodology Investigative Report on the Operation Functions of Mouchel Group PLC 1.0 Introduction and Methodology2.0 Company Overview2.1 Company History and Events Leading to the Current Changes2.1.1 Early History and the Influence of the Private Sector.2.1.2 Recent Mergers2.2 Current Operational Landscape3.0 Management Restructuring3.1 Change in Company Structure3.1.1 Cost Savings and Efficiency3.1.2 The Role of Engineers within the New Structure3.1.3 Replacing Staff through Innovation3.2 Impact on Projects3.2.1 Relationships between the Company and Client3.2.2 Communication and Project Control4.0 Sustainability4.1 Company Strategy4.1.1 Divisions and Technological Strategy4.1.2 Retention of Staff4.2 Project Management4.2.1 Client Relationships  4.2.2 Project Hierarchy and Line Management4.3 Long Term Projection4.3.1 Defining Principles and Mission Statement4.3.2 Rebranding of the Company4.4 Supply Chain Management4.4.1 Core facilities and Wider Network4.4.2 Network Monitoring and Quality Control4.4.3 Issues Associated with the Network5.0 Conclusions5.1 Impact of Current Restructuring5.2 Final Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesRelated 1.0 Introduction and Methodology The key aim for this report is to develop an understanding of the context within which Mouchel operates; to realise an examination of the operational functions used within the company and ultimately how this is affected by the current management restructuring. Focusing on the construction sector within the UK, an overview of strategy and the influence of the current changes will be objectively compared to theoretical models to analyse the risks the company and perceptibly the engineers may face in the future. The selection of data has come primarily from the company itself through annual reports, although other sources such as journals and articles have been utilised to offer theoretical models and analysis to further the investigation. 2.0 Company Overview As an international consultancy based organisation, Mouchel operates substantially in the construction and development sector, and consequently has had to meet the concept of sustainability; both with relation to the external projects it completes and the internal company environment. This has resulted in many operational changes and mirroring the growing trend towards a ‘service economy’(15) in the UK, has established in contribution to its core product(14), a greater service output. The majority of the core projects the company undertakes are considered high variety, low volume; however it can be argued that through the segregation by divisions within the company, projects have a lesser variety component. 2.1 Company History and Events Leading to the Current Changes 2.1.1 Early History and the Influence of the Private Sector. Founded in 1897, Mouchel has been predominately concerned with delivering engineering projects. However the increasing current involvement of the private sector in UK projects, shown by the introduction of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in the 1990’s, has required Mouchel to develop an advisory role(1), in order to compete in the many government sectors which are affected by the use of this procurement method. The initial work with local government is the first point where delivering a service rather than simply an engineering product is most clearly seen. The market within which construction projects are moving from the public sector to the apparently more stable private sector(10) is now at risk of saturation(6). Therefore Mouchel has to militate against the risk of other competition entering the market. The difficulty stems from the ability to maintain company growth rather than simply surviving(6) in the current climate and this is achieved through focusing on core services. A substantial market share(2) in highways and water has enabled the company to maintain a strong position that will ensure progression. 2.1.2 Recent Mergers The merger with Parkman Group plc in 2003(2) combined the expertise from similar consultancies to maximise presence within the government sector. The merger resulted in many acquisitions which diversified the company’s range of services and promoted the necessary organisational growth; thus increasing staffing levels considerably. More recently the acquisition of HBS in 2007(5) further reinforced the outsourcing division and combined with rebranding, demonstrated that Mouchel were keen to reinstate a transition into the business sector of construction. 2.2 Current Operational Landscape As Mouchel has faced the recession and there has been an apparent suspension of investment in construction projects, service divisions such as outsourcing, have overtaken as a key priority; altering the strategy of the company overall and inherently transcending the operations management. The integration of manufacturing and providing services within the company brings further implications; the implied concept of service output being superior to the production of projects(15), presents difficulties when considering processes in the company. On a global scale the legal and cultural differences also need to be ascertained in order for coherent communication of information; this is most widely seen in the current management restructuring taking place. 3.0 Management Restructuring 3.1 Change in Company Structure 3.1.1 Cost Savings and Efficiency As a result of the change in market and type of projects being undertaken, Mouchel is currently carrying out a large scale restructuring exercise(3) with the aim of reducing base costs and maximising the structural organisation of the company to ensure efficiency. This has been achieved by substantially reducing the senior management tier by 20%(3). This combined with the significant investment in new systems, emphasising the importance of technology in engineering firms, has demonstrated the dedication to providing the same standard of services but using less resources. Here the role of innovation in the transformation stage(14) is evoked and is vital to the validity of this linear model to produce the same level of output. It is estimated that the restructuring will provide a yearly cost saving of  £25 million and this may be indicative of the ‘gap based’ approach(6) to process management, where what is required by the company has been measured against current achievement and consequently modification of the infrastructure, in terms of staff, has been used in order to achieve it. 3.1.2 The Role of Engineers within the New Structure Here efficiency has driven the restructuring through the analysis of job roles and the contribution they add to the company. This evokes the idea of expertise and value added management(6) as a break to more traditional management techniques, where structural hierarchy(15) was emphasised. The functions previously completed by the senior management tier now have to be transferred to engineers, distorting the priorities of staff. With some management roles being made redundant, other grades of management have been ‘rationalised’(9) so that they possess greater responsibility. This questions the range of skills required by the management team and if the way in which future projects will be managed will maintain the same level of organisation or if areas less obviously associated with service will be neglected. 3.1.3 Replacing Staff through Innovation Innovation is of high priority in order to achieve efficiency targets set by the company(14) and clients and is key in increasing productivity of workers(15).The recent hard shoulder project on the M6(2) shows the use of a more service based solution, where more traditional construction techniques would have been previously used. This conveys the difficulty to consider empirically the operations of this division as a process where innovation is utilised; the concept at its base level is to move away from standard techniques(14), undermining the traditional nature of processes. 3.2 Impact on Projects 3.2.1 Relationships between the Company and Client The widening of skill sets required by the restructuring emphasises the development of interpersonal skills(9) as a key priority as the engineers will have a greater customer facing role. These implications will require further development of human resources and a change to the recruitment process within the company. However considering Garvin’s perception(9) of the types of processes in a company, it appears the more administrative processes have been most reduced, which while they are not customer facing, do have a vital function and suggests that possible control throughout the company may suffer as a result. This also widens the gap between product and service as effectively the ‘boundary spanning function’(14) has been removed. Network theory(13) can then also be applied to the restructuring to consider the dialectic relationships within the company. By altering the people and processes involved in the management of projects many more risks beyond that of efficiency are applied. The restructuring tends to horizontal organisation(14) where expertise is more highly valued than the chain of command. 3.2.2 Communication and Project Control The radical redesign of the management structure within the company defies many of the theoretical perceptions of process control(8). Rather than improving the existing process, they have implemented a new one in which there is no existing benchmark(6), and therefore no empirical measure of its success in the short term. This is further complicated with the contribution of innovation and the attempt to consider the success of restructuring through cost effectiveness(3). This contradicts the move to a sustainable company, as the idea of risk is evident and while restructuring may prove successful there is an increased chance of failure that in an incremental quality movement approachcould have been managed more easily. 4.0 Sustainability 4.1 Company Strategy Mouchel claims three core areas for consideration of sustainability(3) ,making many commitments within these areas, most falling into the PESTLE model(Fig 1) of thinking, and substantially addressed by the social, environmental and economic parameters with an appreciation of the political and legal limits. The pressure to evolve to a sustainable company is the most challenging and the effect the management restructuring will have on this goal requires consideration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy(3). 4.1.1 Divisions and Technological Strategy The more traditional technical engineering divisions are contrasted with the development of strategy services and have shown a move towards commercial commitment. These new macro transformation operations have shaped the company but also developed many new issues. The definition of output as a product or service(15), is clearly seen in the regulated industry division where the decline of operations in the Middle East, has resulted in the company providing energy assessments to commercial utility suppliers(1) in the UK in order to maintain a profit. A previously technical role has been transformed to a more service based product and emphasises clearly the resource risks. The resource now being transformed is not obtusely materials but information(14), especially with the increased use of technology requires a different strategic process. The use of technology(6) is an important structural decision that compliments restructuring, although there is little consideration of the effect thi s will have on the key engineering roles. 4.1.2 Retention of Staff Retention of staff is of paramount importance to the company’s sustainability demonstrated through the rigorous personal development process and its commitment to the ‘never stop improving’(3) scheme. However the recent restructuring that has occurred has instilled perceived disharmony(5) with the more experienced employees and has been seen as a main priority to address within the coming year. However, what is seen as hollowing out(2) of management functions is intended to provide greater opportunity for mobility and communication. This promotes the ability to progress a career within the company, hopefully developing in the long term a more committed work force. 4.2 Project Management 4.2.1 Client Relationships Across all divisions there has been a need to extend boundaries in order to maintain productivity within the company; often to a more commercial client base as previously shown. The company has always relied on long term relationships(4).This has been challenged by the restructuring to focus on retaining relationships as well as acquiring new clients as the infrastructure of the company changes. The high bid win rate previously established by Mouchel(2), promoted a successful reputation for superiority, in part synonymous with its structure and organisation, which provided strength when competing for new tenders. This same reputation informs the current strategy to extend its services into other sectors, where the same principles can be applied but modified to different client bases; although the impact of restructuring on this reputation has not yet been realised.   4.2.2 Project Hierarchy and Line Management Considering the management of clients in the perceived use of long term relationships, the larger clients are assigned account managers(2) to ensure satisfaction with the company. This adds another layer to Naylor’s perception of the typical managerial structure(15) and develops a rather more web like arrangement, where the project and account management overlaps. In this case it is difficult to determine accountability and responsibility, and may lead to difficulty with communication within the different facets of the project delivery. Project success is largely measured through the use of financial KPI’s(2) and the use of remuneration of less easily quantifiable targets conveys a distortion of true value. The role of engineers in this web may also get lost and the communication between the different divisions of the company is vital in ensuring information is not lost or misinterpreted. 4.3 Long Term Projection 4.3.1 Defining Principles and Mission Statement Considering how the strategy of the company is portrayed through the defining principles expressed by the mission statement, the culture and intentions of the company can be determined,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At Mouchel we improve day-to-day life for millions of people. We help to transform essential public services and to sustain vital infrastructure†¦(2) This is the primary function stated by the company and conveys a sense of top down strategy(14) which, as an apathetic mission statement, is aspirational without committing entirely to the processes that will be used to achieve this. The construction sector is strongly evoked and the influence of sustainable design can be clearly seen, however the main issue raised by this statement is the association with public services. The private sector’s influence on government projects will have a continual affect on the ability to meet this goal, and defines the need for change within the company. The principles also address the working ethos of the company;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At Mouchel, above all else, we show a passion for success, a spirit of adventure, and have integrity at heart.(2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Again it can be argued that the statement is vague, however it clearly depicts the operations management style of the company. However when compared to Kast and Rosenzweig’s(11) concept of the external business environment, it can be interpreted that the lack of definition of goals(Fig 2) demonstrates that the transitory nature of the company conveys uncertainty as to its future output. This may also suggest that there are overlooked uncertainties within the company’s key processes. 4.3.2 Rebranding of the Company The recent rebranding as Mouchel is consistent with restructuring, although conveys the reputation of the company as one of the empirical risks associated with change(8). As part of the support strategy the stakeholder map and categorisation matrix(Fig 3) must be established early(15) to ensure they can be well managed; especially those considered adverse to the proposed changes while maintaining high influence within the company. This is achieved by focusing on communication between all divisions and levels, especially externally with stakeholders and clients. 4.4 Supply Chain Management 4.4.1 Core facilities and Wider Network Mouchel aims to maintain core facilities within the company(2), looking to forward integrate projects(14), so that they evolve through restructuring to a customer facing organisation. However to reduce the possibility of a ‘closed system mentality’(12) Mouchel recognises the benefits for both themselves and the clients through the use of supply chains to maximise projects. Although suppliers remain outside the ‘boundary of control’(10) the ability to select contractors based on competitive factors(2), ensures relative reliability without commitment for Mouchel, and shows a   flexible network(7). However through this demand based process(14) the loyalty of the supplier is not obtained and therefore limits the dependability of the relationship between the company and supplier. 4.4.2 Network Monitoring and Quality Control There are more than 1000 first tier suppliers and contractors(2) in the external supply network as well as those inherited through joint venture projects, which is managed through the use of an approved vendor database(2). This establishes the most qualified supplier for each subcontract, and it can therefore be assumed that quality of the service they provide is high; the competition between contractors has been further driven by the sustainability focus of the company with the introduction of sustainability criteria to the assessment(2). 4.4.3 Issues Associated with the Network The holism(10) of this kind of network is substantially determined by the way in which the parts of the chain interact.   Considering the long term projection of the supply chain as a function of success, it substantiates an approach opposed to the paradigm of silo thinking(10), where all parts of the network are linked together. However this is contradicted by the way in which the divisions of the company are relatively isolated, which stereotypically occurs substantially in the construction sector. By redesigning the structure of the company it creates greater capacity of the in house processes to consider the scope and the wider achievements of the project, through improved communication. 5.0 Conclusions 5.1 Impact of Current Restructuring As the salient cause of change within the company, the restructuring has implemented many new processes and technologies that have been put into place in order to develop a company which will survive the recession and growing pressures of CSR, however there is little evidence of consideration of all the long term effects that may arise as a result. While change may be unavoidable, the structure which personifies the company has been radically altered, and may cause issues associated with reputation and consistency, as well as internal aspects associated with its own workforce. While the company appears to be financially viable for the future, the softer side of the analysis has been neglected and may cause a dichotomy between strategy and implementation. Furthermore, it is clear that long term relationships are the epitome of the company, which develops the importance of account management and adds another conflicting dimension to the company’s operations. In order to meet the expectations of the client, communication and feedback is essential and with the increasing service output of the company it is important to predict the impact that the restructuring will have on these relationships. It is also vital to consider the apparent mobility of the company structure and if it will manifest a culture of innovation, which is clearly required in order for the company to maintain growth, or a sense of instability that will damage the bond of these long term relationships. Looking at the future of the company, Hayes and Wheelwrights stages of operations appears to suggest Mouchel is in the transition stages of 3 and 4(14). The increasing impact operations management has within the company is driving the success of projects, however it remains to be seen if the company is redefining the industries expectations(14) or just that of its customers. The transition between service and product delivery is not clearly defined, and it is questionable as to the consideration of the contributions of operations management over this change. 5.2 Final Conclusions and Recommendations Therefore Mouchel can be seen as an aspirational, innovative company, challenging the perceptions of the traditional construction sector consultancy; opting for diversification and control through in house processes to advance the progression of the company. However it remains to be seen if the instigating factors for change and the recent required optimisation of operational strategy, have evoked the necessary consideration of all aspects of the company that will be transformed. A holistic and rather human analysis would suggest that the difficult nature of relationships cannot always be predicted though theoretical models or forecasting in the long term. For Mouchel the different stratum they inhabit centre on relationships, both externally with clients and internal with staff and suppliers, and is therefore uncertain. It will be interesting to see how this will develop and to assess the future role of engineers within this new arrangement, due to the new dexterity that will be req uired of them. Expanding this to the construction sector as a whole, it is possible that the restructuring of consultancies in this way, may alter the core perspectives of the commercial industry and conceivably the fundamentals of engineering. References (1) Interim management statement, Mouchel group plc (2010) (2) Annual report and accounts, Mouchel group plc (2010) (3) Sustainability report, Mouchel group plc (2010) (4) Reports and accounts ‘building great relationships’ Mouchel Parkman plc (2007) (5) ‘Mprint’ in house publication (2007) (6) Schmenner.R.W Swink.M.L, ‘on theory in operations management’ Indiana University (1998) (7) Cravens.D.W Piercy.N.F Shipp.S.H, ‘New organisational forms for competing in highly dynamic environments: the network paradigm’ British Journal of Management (1996) (8) Bateman.T.S Zeithaml.C.P, ‘Management: function and strategy’ Irwin (1990) (9) Garvin.D.A ‘The processes of organization and management’ Sloan management review (1998) (10) Prokesch.S, ‘The sustainable supply chain’ Harvard business review (2010) (11) Kast.F.E Rosenzweig.J.E ‘general systems theory: applications for organisation and management’ academy of management journal (1972) (12) Thompson.J.D, ‘organizations in action’ McGraw hill, New York (1967) (13) Mitleton-Kelly.E, ‘complex systems and evolutionary perspectives on organisations’ emerald group (2003) (14) Slack.N Chambers.S Johnston.R, ‘operations management’ Pearson education 4thed (2004) (15) Naylor.J, ‘Introduction to operations management’ Pearson education 2nded (2002)

War is not Beneficial to the World Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

War is not Beneficial to the World - Term Paper Example Contrary to beliefs that human beings should not fight each other, there are individuals who have vested interests and used war as a scapegoat to achieve their personal gains. These interests might take the form of resources owned by certain nations. Due to greed, some nations have invaded other nations through war in a bid to embezzle resources from the said countries. Further, it argues that human beings fight each other for revenge purposes, that is, to avenge perceived insults or defeat. The fact that human beings would always want to feel superior over others and thus through war, they are able to prove their superiority. Human beings do fight when they perceive threats from others or chances of losing. It is also argued that war is a natural population control, however, unpleasant, it acts to ease competition for resources, and reduce population. In light of war being a natural control for unhealthy large population, there are other ways to curb the growth. War is inevitable, this is evident from the fact that, over the years, the number of wars has reduced gradually, with regard to first war and the second;   also the casualties of war or violence have reduced with time (Tomsen 532). There has been a significant drop in the number of deaths resulting from wars. This may be attributed to a surge in the number of democracies, 20 to nearly all the countries since the Second World War. Since democracies, rarely wage war against each other, a continuing decline in the magnitude of armed conflicts may as well be seen. Decline of war may as well be credited to the creation of stable states having effective legal systems, and police forces, which eliminates the endless feuding that plagued tribal societies. Increased life expectancy makes people less willing to risk their lives by engaging in violence. Also as a result of globalization and communication, people have ended up being interdependent on each other.   On the other hand, war may not be inevitable this is because human beings have always fought in wars and always will due to the fact that human beings are innately aggressive.

Should battered women be sent to prison for killing their abusers Research Proposal

Should battered women be sent to prison for killing their abusers - Research Proposal Example Therefore, the entire structure of the justice system changed and â€Å"police  officers,  prosecutors,  health  workers and  judges were encouraged to take action against intimate  abuse† (Dutton, 105). The changes in the justice system also gave rise to several challenges and here, a question arose that how battered women should be treated in the eyes of the law after killing their assaulters. The aim of this paper is to analyze the issue of battered women and sending them to prison if they murder their abusers. In order to understand the circumstances in which battered women kill their abusers, it is essential to understand the main features of a crime. In order to prove a crime, it is essential that the court determines whether the act was atrocious, against the law and illegitimate and was committed by the accused willingly, which would make him or her guilty (Jackson, 207). Research suggests that battered women develop mental disorders because of the abuse they experience. According to Jackson (221) , stress, depression, fear, anxiety and hopelessness are the most common psychological disorders found in these women. Furthermore, these women are most likely to experience chronic depression, which makes feel guilty (Dutton & Painter, 615). Furthermore, research suggests that sixty percent of these women remain with their abusive boyfriends or husbands and are unable to take any action because of their unstable mental condition. Research also suggests that these women are suicidal. Gillesp ie (100) suggests that more forty five percent of battered women are most likely to have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. As mentioned earlier, battered women are subjected to domestic violence and hence, they are most likely to suffer from psychological disorders, which may compel them to skill their assaulters after experiencing the abuse for a very long time. In order to define the psychological condition of battered women, the term